Solar Application at Central Park, Schenectady, NY

This a solar powered electric post at Central Park, Schenectady, NY. I am wondering though how many times does this electric post lights up during winter since normally cloudy days are dominant during snow days. Assuming the bulb has 100 watts, the 64 (2 x 32) solar cells must receive radiance to light the walkway towards the kids' playground.

Administrative Losses

The figure below presents the administrative loss percent of each electric cooperative considering the number of employees for each cooperative.

In this post, I consider the administrative loss to be proportional to the number of employees.

In this terms, the more employees, the more electricity usage within their facilities. So less usage means less employees working for the cooperative. The efficient electric cooperative would have less administrative loss given more employees.

With this premise, Tarlac I looks like an efficient operated cooperative since it has more employees yet they incur less power losses for their facilities. On the other hand, Davao Sur has less employees but has spent more administrative losses.

Philippine Electric Cooperatives' System Loss

The following figure presents the system loss in percent of all electric cooperatives in the Philippines. Data came from the NEA website.

 

The average system loss throughout the five year period is about 15%. The median system loss is around 14%. This is not bad for the NEA, though some cooperative suffer with significant power losses in their distribution system as seen from the figure above.  It is notable that high system loss are found in Mindanao, Central Luzon, Bicol and parts of Visayas.

Citations

Here is a list of citations I got from Google search on my technical work:

1. Utilizing Fuzzy Optimization for Distributed Generation Allocation, TENCON 2007 - 2007 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Oct. 30, 2007-Nov. 2, 2007, Taipei, Taiwan – on-line: http://www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?isnumber=4428770&arnumber=4428814&count=405&index=43 in ”Incorporating Distributed Generation into Distribution Network Planning: The Challenges and Opportunities for Distribution Network Operators”, David Tse-Chi Wang, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Thesis, The University of Edinburgh, 2010– on-line: http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/4621/2/Wang2010.pdf
2. Utilizing Fuzzy Optimization for Distributed Generation Allocation, TENCON 2007 - 2007 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Oct. 30, 2007-Nov. 2, 2007, Taipei, Taiwan – on-line: http://www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?isnumber=4428770&arnumber=4428814&count=405&index=43 in ”Optimum Distribution Generator Placement in Power Distribution System Using Ant Colony Algorithm” by Ghazanfar Shahgholiyan, MohamadAmin Heidari, Mehdi Mahdavi, Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering, Volum 3, Number 1, March 2009 – on-line: http://ee.majlesi.info/index/index.php/ee/article/view/184
3. Solving Non-Technical Losses Problem by Technical Methods, Elektrisidad Pilipinas, September 2008, - on -line: http://elektrisidadpilipinas.blogspot.com/2008/09/solving-non-technical-losses-problem-by.html in “Analysis of Non-Technical Losses and its Economic Consequences on Power System” , Master of Engineering Thesis by Tejinder Singh, Thapar University, Patiala, India, June 2009 – on-line: http://dspace.thapar.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/10266/911/1/Tejinder_PSED.pdf
4. Analysis of Voltage Unbalance Regulation, October 27, 2006, Annual National Convention of Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE), PICC, Manila, Philippines in “On the Assessment of Voltage Unbalance”, Seiphetlho,T.E.;Rens,A.P.J.; Sch. for Electr., Electron. & Comput. Eng., North West Univ., Potchefstroom, South Africa, 2010 14^th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power – on-line: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5625366
5. Luzon Approximate Network Model, Elektrisidad Pilipinas, July 2010, - on -line: http://elektrisidadpilipinas.blogspot.com/2010/07/luzon-approximate-network-model.htmlThe High Cost of Electricity”, The Philippine On Line Chronicles, July 2010 – on-line: http://thepoc.net/commentaries/8970-the-high-cost-of-electricity.html in “

Note that numbers 3 and 5 are post entries in this blog. Number 4 is a technical paper presented in an Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE). 

Why I posted this? Simple. Any good idea when put out for the public can be a resource for others. 

Framework for Reliability Evaluation of the Smart Grid

Massive deployment of information and communication infrastructure in operating, monitoring and control of electric power systems. This is Smart Grid. This is the vision of a controllable, observable and self-healing power system using smart grid technologies. Communication technologies like fiber hybrid and broadband over power line will enable the data and signal transfer from smart meters, automation and control sensing devices, high end system control centers interfaces in a highly visual environment, and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Sensing and measurement devices will be employed for which information data flow are aimed for facilitating wide-area control and protection (WACP) at the bulk power systems and dynamic control and automation at the distribution level, and other applications such as remedial action schemes, substation equipment monitoring and dynamic line rating.

Please see full article here - Framework for Reliability Evaluation of the Smart Grid.