No Wind for Northwind

Northwind plant, located at the northern part of Luzon grid in the Philippines has a capacity factor of 16.2% from March to July 2013. And that is six months.

This means the said wind farm has an average dependable capacity of 4 MW out of total of 25.5 MW maximum capacity which is very low compared to the global wind power capacity factor of 28% and to the US wind power capacity factor of 31.8%.

Significantly, this means that  for a Luzon peak load of 6,800 MW we need about 42,000 MW of wind power capacity to supply Luzon grid on wind power alone, and that's a lot!

Capacity factor and daily output of Northwind power plant from March to July 2013.

Electric Vehicle Charging Station Location using Fuzzy Optimization

Electric vehicle charging station location is a basic problem in integrating electric vehicles in electric power systems. An electric vehicle plugged into the electric distribution system may absorb or produce active and/or reactive power [1-4] depending on the need of the electric power system, Table 1 below.

Electric vehicle charger operating modes [4].

When finding the location of EV charging stations in order to support the electric distribution systems, the cost of EV charging, the impact on distribution system losses and voltage profile of the system are parameters needed to be considered. These variables are to be looked into when plugged in EV is either acting as a generator or a load given a system demand level.

Recent studies have solved this EV charging station location problem. In [5], a mixed integer programming solution was developed with site accessibility, local jobs and population densities and trip attributes as main constraints. A genetic programming approach is utilized in [6] for simulation of electric vehicles on a real map of a European city where the optimal solution of the charging infrastructure is derived based on mean trip times of electric vehicles. A two step procedure is proposed in [7] where the authors included environmental factors and service radius of EV charging stations in the screening first step and built a modified primal-dual interior point algorithm (MPDIPA) for optimal sizing of EV charging stations with the minimization of total cost associated with EV charging stations to be planned as the objective function with losses and voltage profile included in the problem. Reference [8] introduces an optimization process for sizing and siting of EV charging stations, modeling the charging demand and the structure of road network to where the solution approach was graph theory. Level 1 and level 2 charging stations are discussed in [9] and how to allocate them for residential EV users using simulation-optimization strategy.

Recent studies do not consider uncertainties and imprecision which can be captured using fuzzy optimization. Fuzzy set theory can provide a simpler yet powerful solution for allocating EV charging stations in electric distribution systems. The Civanlar test system [11] will be utilized for the study and assuming that capital investment of the EV charging station is the same for all distribution system candidate nodes while considering time of use (TOU) electricity tariff, distribution system losses and voltage profiles.

References

[1] Chenye Wu, Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, and Jianwei Huang, “PEV-based Reactive Power Compensation for Wind DG Units: A Stackelberg Game Approach”, in Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm’12), Tainan City, Taiwan, October 2012.

[2]   Chenye Wu, Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, Jianwei Huang, Juri Jatskevich, “PEV-Based Combined Frequency and Voltage Regulation for Smart Grid”, the 3rd IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference, Washington DC, Jan 2012.

[3]    M. Kisacikoglu, B. Ozpineci, L. M. Tolbert, "V2G Reactive Power Compensation Using a PHEV Bidirectional Charger Interface Rated at Level 1, 2, and 3 Charging Standards," IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, Sept. 12-16, 2010.

[4]     M. Kisacikoglu, B. Ozpineci, L. M. Tolbert, "Examination of a PHEV Bidirectional Charger System for V2G Reactive Power Compensation," IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, Palm Springs, California, Feb. 21-25, 2010, pp. 458-465.

[5]    Chen, T. D., et al, “The Electric Vehicle Charging Station Location Problem: A Parking-Based Assignment Method for Seattle”, on-line: http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/kockelman/public_html/TRB13EVparking.pdf

[6]    Hess, A. Et al, “Optimal Deployment of Charging Stations for Electric Vehicular Networks”, on-line:http://conferences.sigcomm.org/co-next/2012/eproceedings/urbane/p1.pdf

[7]    Liu, Zhipeng, Wen, F. and  Ledwich, G. F. , “Optimal Planning of Electric-Vehicle Charging Stations in Distribution Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Jan. 2013, Vol. 28 , Issue 1.

[8]    Jia, L., Hu, Z., Song, Y., Luo, Z., “Optimal siting and sizing of electric vehicle charging stations”, 2012 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 4-8 March 2012

[9]    Xi, X., et al, “Simulation-Optimization Model for Location of a Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure”, on-line:http://www.ise.osu.edu/ISEFaculty/sioshansi/papers/charge_infra.pdf

[10]“Siting Electric Vehicle Charging Stations”, on-line: http://www.sustainabletransportationstrategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Siting-EV-Charging-Stations-Version-1.0.pdf

[11]On-line: http://ee.sharif.ir/~e_hajipour/index_files/Test_Cases_Data.pdf

Benefits from Electric Vehicles for the Philippine Power Grid

The last blogs I posted on electric vehicles (EV) may seem to have created the wrong impression in what I’m trying to do. I analyzed the loading impacts of E-Jeepneys and E-Trike to local electric distribution power system, specifically loading up a pole mounted distribution transformer. In practice, these scenarios are very real and can be prevented by planning and coordinating new loads which are the EVs under the government’s program.

The overloading of electrical equipment, at least locally, is just one tiny bit on one side of the fence. EVs when largely manufactured and utilized can be a resource of power grid reliability and security support, just like any other ancillary services.

References [1-4] provide simulations and analysis on the following:

• Frequency regulation – NGCP procures frequency regulation from on-line generators which are called spinning reserves. A big bulk of load can be aggregated and adjust accordingly to maintain system frequency, like a spinning generating reserve. I posted that the vision of DOE to have 100,000 E-Trikes by 2017 will have a MW load greater than the Quezon Power plant which is 480 MW. EV charging is via power electronic converters/inverters which are controllable. The charging of E-Trikes if coordinated accordingly to serve a load serving as a spinning reserve is a promising capability for E-Trikes or any large scale electric vehicle when aggregated.

• Reactive power compensation – Again, NGCP installs and may procure voltage support services from generation or invest on its own reactive power devices. In [3], the authors described an EV charging system which can be a source of reactive power compensation. This system is allowed to inject or consume reactive power whichever is needed by the power system in real time. In [4], the authors provided a pricing methodology for wind farm reactive compensation provided by an EV charging park.

• Contribution to system security – NGCP procures contingency reserves per Philippine Grid Code.  These are generators which are on-line ready to respond (increase or decrease their output) in times of a system disturbance. Authors in reference [2] indicate that EV chargers have response time faster than generators. In this case, going back to the 100,000 E-Trike, you may have a large “generator” providing that contingency reserve to mitigate any undesirable system condition due to a disturbance.

For large scale E-Trike or E-Jeepney charging, which is envisioned in the Philippines, these features would become income generating resources for EV operators or aggregators. Also, the NGCP will have another source of ancillary services which can be counted upon to support grid reliability and security.

References:
[1]    Chenye Wu, Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, Jianwei Huang, Juri Jatskevich, “PEV-Based Combined Frequency and Voltage Regulation for Smart Grid”, in Proc. of the IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT’2012), Washington, DC, January 2012.
[2]    Sakis Meliopoulos, Jerome Meisel, George Cokkinides and Thomas Overbye, "Power System Level Impacts of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles." PSERC Document 09-12, PSERC Final Report. October 2009.
[3]    M. Kisacikoglu, B. Ozpineci, L. M. Tolbert, "Examination of a PHEV Bidirectional Charger System for V2G Reactive Power Compensation," IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, Palm Springs, California, Feb. 21-25, 2010, pp. 458-465.
[4]    Chenye Wu, Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, and Jianwei Huang, “PEV-based Reactive Power Compensation for Wind DG Units: A Stackelberg Game Approach”, accepted for publication in Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm’12), Tainan City, Taiwan, October 2012.

Loading Impacts of PHUV Electric Jeepney

It is interesting that while the US is looking into the impact of PHEVs on the existing electric grid infrastructure, the Philippines is producing it's own electric vehicles.

http://electric-vehicles-philippines.blogspot.com is a website detailing most of these products. From E-Jeepneys, electric motorcycles and electric tricycles or electric taxicles, they have it all.

Figure 1. PHUV Electric Jeepney (from http://electric-vehicles-philippines.blogspot.com/2010/04/phuv-electric-jeepney.html)

Though IEEE literature have investigated the impact of PHEVS on distribution transformer loading [1-3], Philippine electric vehicles are very different from the studied PHEVs. No literature have studied the local and global effects of these electric vehicles on the Philippine electric power systems.

In this post, loading impact of charging a PHUV Electric Jeepney on a given distribution transformer. Normally, a distribution transformer serves about five to seven households. A typical load curve is provided in Figure 1, taken from reference 4. The load curve is given in MW and was scaled down to kW. The figure also includes capacities of a 25 kVA and a 37.5 kVA distribution transformers. In the figure, neither of the transformer is overloaded.

Figure 2. Typical residential load curve.

From [5], the PHUV Electric Jeepney charging process is provided:

"PHUV batteries amp hour capacity rating is 220 amp hrs. Since they have a 72 volt system, they have 12 pcs of 6 volt deep cycle batteries. That's 16000 watt hours or 16 kilowatt hours at P8 per kwhour (Meralco rate with all the side charges) is equal to P128 or $2.8 per 8 hour full charge. So if it runs for 65 kms then that's 1.97 per km or 5 US cents per km."

To check the calculation, P = V x I ( P = 72 x 220 = 15,840 watts) . Converting it to kW, P = 15.84 kW which is fully charged for 8 hours. Note that 15.84 kW is above half of a 25 kVA transformer capacity and about 42% loading a 37.5 kVA transformer.

Assuming that the PHUV is utilized for public transport from 8am to 5pm, to integrate the PHUV into the load curve above, three scenarios are studied: (1) charge the PHUV from 6 pm to 2 am, (2) charge the PHUV from 1 am to 8 am, and (3) charge the PHUV from 11 pm to 7 am.

Figure 3 shows the load curve with an additional one (1) PHUV charging considering the three charging scenarios cited above. From the figure, a 25 kVA transformer will overload for charging scenario (1) and will be heavily loaded for the other scenarios.

Figure 3. Residential load curve with 1 PHUV charging.

Figure 4 shows the load curve with an additional two (2) PHUV charging considering the three charging scenarios cited above. From the figure, a 25 kVA transformer will be heavily overloaded for all charging scenarios and even the 37.5 kVA distribution transformer will overload for all charging scenarios.

Figure 4. Residential load curve with 2 PHUV charging.

Electric vehicles are good for the environment and will provide a boost in the Philippine economy since they are locally made. However, it is imperative to look into the loading impact of electric vehicles since they will provide distribution transformer overloading if not investigated.

Further analysis will include additional charging scenarios of electric motorcycles and electric tricycles in the mix. Also, a global outlook analysis is needed if the Philippine power grid as a whole can handle the forecasted usage of electric vehicles in the country.

References:

1. Shao, Shengnan; Zhang, Tianshu; Pipattanasomporn, Manisa; Rahman, Saifur; , "Impact of TOU rates on distribution load shapes in a smart grid with PHEV penetration," Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, 2010 IEEE PES, 19-22 April 2010
2.  S. Shao, M. Pipattanasomporn and S. Rahman, "Demand Response as a Load Shaping Tool in an Intelligent Grid with Electric Vehicles”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2, No. 4, December 2011, pp. 624-631. 
3.  S. Shao, M. Pipattanasomporn, and S. Rahman,"Challenges of PHEV Penetration to the Residential Distribution Network,"  IEEE/PES 2009 General Meeting, Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2009. PES '09. IEEE, Calgary, AB, Canada,  July, 27th, 2009.
4. Occidental Mindoro Electric Cooperative, Inc. Information Memorandum. Available: http://www.omeco.com.ph/files/pdf/OMECO%20INFORMATION%20MEMORANDUM.pdf
5. PHUV Electric Jeepney - http://electric-vehicles-philippines.blogspot.com/2010/04/phuv-electric-jeepney.html

Dynamic Models and Simulations for Reduced and Approximate Philippine Major Island Power Grids

Since developing the power flow models of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, one step forward in these projects is to provide dynamic modeling of the generators, exciters, governors, etc.

I followed the references [1-3] for assuming models for each generation considering fuel types. Also, combined with these good sources, PowerWorld provides default data for the dynamic models including the generic wind generation dynamic models (for NorthWind generation, north of Luzon) and loads (motors and discharge lighting, etc).

For generation using diesel as fuel, I initially modeled the machine as GENSAL but WECC has indicated to use GENTPJ instead for reasons cited in reference [4].

As I'm using PowerWorld, I made advantage of the auto correction of dynamic data and proceeded with the validation of models.

As mentioned in other posts, I simulated flat runs and had the models respond as expected. The following plots are simulated three-phase faults where fault clearing time is in accordance with the Philippine Grid Code and assuming a single-line contingency.

Bus Voltages Plots for Fault on Balintawak 230 kV, tripping Balintawak-Araneta 230 kV Line (Luzon)

Rotor Angles Plots for Fault on Balintawak 230 kV bus, tripping Balintawak-Araneta 230 kV Line (Luzon)

Bus Frequency Plots for Fault on Lugait 138 kV bus, tripping Lugait - Tagaloan 138 kV Line (Mindanao)

Generator Speed Plots for Fault on Lugait 138 kV bus, tripping Lugait - Tagaloan 138 kV Line (Mindanao)

Various Plots for Fault at Quiot 138 kV bus, tripping Quiot-Banilad 138 kV Line (Visayas)

I'm planning to write a full paper on this work and if you are interested in the models or collaborate with me, drop me a message at ebcano@gmail.com.

References:
[1]    IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies, IEEE Std 421.5-1992
[2]    IEEE PES Working Group, Hydraulic Turbine and Turbine Control Models for System Dynamic, IEEE Transaction on Power System 7 (1992) 167-174.
[3]    Dynamic Models Package Standard 1. Available: http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/pool/hq/services/power-transmission-distribution/power-technologies-international/software-solutions/Dynamic_Models_Package_Standard-1.pdf
[4]    Additional Information on GENTPJ Model. Available: http://www.wecc.biz/library/WECC%20Documents/Documents%20for%20Generators/Generator%20Testing%20Program/gentpj%20and%20gensal%20morel.pdf

New Citations

Citing my work on “Utilizing Fuzzy Optimization for Distributed Generation Allocation,” IEEE TENCON 2007:

•  W. Sheng, Y. Liu, X. Meng and T. Zhang, “An Improved Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 with application to the optimization of distributed generations,” On-line: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2351069
• V. K. Shrivastava, O.P.Rahi, V. K. Gupta and J. S. Singh Kunta, "Optimal Placement Methods of Distributed Generation:A Review," UACEE International Journal of Advancements in Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Volume 1: Issue 1, On-line: http://ijaeee.uacee.org/vol1iss1/files/VI%20I1%20-%2022.pdf
• Yu-Chang Li, "A Stochastic Programming Approach for Distributed Generation Connected Distribution Feeder Expansion,", Masters Thesis, Ocean Engineering and Technology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 2010. On-line: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22098NKIM8345003%22.&searchmode=basic

Citing my work on ““Static Voltage Stability Analysis for Electric Subtransmission System”, http://ebcano.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/microsoft-word-ebcano_vs_0908.pdf, 2008:

• S. Madan, “Optimal Allocation of Reactive Power to Mitigate Fault Delayed Voltage Recovery,” Master’s Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, August 2010, On-line: http://smartech.gatech.edu/jspui/bitstream/1853/34749/1/madan_sandhya_201008_mast.pdf

Reduced and Approximate Models of Philippine Major Island Power Grids

Abstract—The restructuring of electric power industry brings challenges and opportunities among its stakeholders. Economic and engineering analyses brought forth by these changes are usually tested on power system test models to study different strategies. In a developing country, like the Philippines, where commercial and security concerns may prevent the availability of these test systems, the involvement of research and academic communities’ maybe limited. This paper reports the development of reduced and approximate power system models for major islands in the Philippines using publicly available data which can be utilized for research and academic purposes.

Index Terms—Electric power test systems, interconnected power systems, electric power system modeling.

Download the full paper here.

Integrating Computer Simulations in Electrical Engineering Courses

Abstract— At the deregulation of electric power industry, technical and value-based studies for planning and operations of power systems as outlined in electricity regulatory codes should be integrated in electrical engineering programs and promote the present scenario by undertaking power systems applications and incorporate computer simulations to stimulate students' interest and increase their insights with the on-going deregulation of the industry.  This paper provides experience of incorporating computer applications and simulations in undergraduate and graduate programs considering present curriculum and subject offerings. 

Index Terms— electrical engineering education, computer simulations, power systems

Download the full paper here.

New England 39 Bus Test System

The New England 39 bus test system is a power system test system usually utilized for dynamic simulations test and research. It is believed that this is an actual equivalent system of the New England grid in 1960s [1].

The data I utilized here comes from [2], where the power flow and dynamics data were given in PSS/E v29 format which were loaded into PowerWorld. The data has 1 kV base voltage in all buses which I changed to 345 kV to reflect the New England system voltages. In the PowerWorld's transient stability data validation (this is very cool!), I accepted the corrections identified in the dynamic data, mostly are time constant depending on the time step being studied.

Normally in stability simulations, it is imperative to run a no fault simulation or what they call flat run to verify that dynamic models are behaving in a manner without disturbance thus expecting flat plots of parameters.

Generator angles for no fault simulation.

A stub fault is another practical test if the response of the dynamic models is correct for a simple and fast fault disturbance. Here are example plots from a stub fault at bus 1 at 1.0 seconds and cleared after 0.1 seconds without tripping any line.

Generator angles for stub fault simulation.

Generator speed for stub fault simulation.

Bus frequency for stub fault simulation.

Bus voltages for stub fault simulation.

If you want the New England 39 bus test system, email me at ebcano@gmail.com.

References:
[1] Power Systems Test Case Archive. Available on-line: http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/dyn30/pg_tcadyn30.htm
[2] Pablo Ledesma, New England Test System, IEEE 39 Bus System, 10 generators, in PSS/E format (version 29). Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Available on-line: http://electrica.uc3m.es/pablole/new_england.html

Mindanao Approximate Grid Model

Here is your Mindanao Approximate Grid Model.

Mindanao Approximate Grid Model in PowerWorld

In coming up with the Mindanao model, I still followed the procedure I have developed in this post, with the following diversions:

•  The transformers’ rating in this model are assumed, I can’t find any public information on the grid transformer ratings.
•  The transmission lines’ ratings were assumed to be 100 MVA for the 69 kV lines, 215 MVA for the 138 kV lines (consistent with the Visayas modeling) and 300 MVA for the 230 kV lines.
•  There is no publicly available for demand allocation for the Mindanao model. For this approximate model, the load distribution was based on the population of each region (group of provinces) from this Wikipedia page (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao). I started with having 1200 MW of load and partitioned it per percentage population where the load substations are located.
•  The network configuration was derived using the following data rich public sources:

1.  TDP 2011: Consultation Draft Volume 2 Part 1  (http://www.ngcp.ph/documents/2011_TDP_Volume_2_Part_1_(consultation_draft).pdf) – contains system with detailed provincial boundaries
2.  MINDANAO PUBCON PRESENTATION Volume 1 (Major Network Development)  (http://www.ngcp.ph/documents/Mindanao_PubCon_Presentation_Vol.I_(Major_Network_Development).pdf) – contains significant network expansion specially 230 kV and 138 kV interconnects with given distances.
3. Map of Mindanao grid of yesteryears from Nick Nichols (http://asianenergyadvisors.com/2007/10/29/eyeballing-the-mindanao-disturbance/ ) – a clear figure for the transmission lines’ right-of-way.
4. Pictures of parts of Mindanao single line diagram, somewhat posted in the internet (http://www.cityofwaterfalls-iligancity.com/2012/03/lapocof-bares-root-cause-of-brownouts.html#.UE_Ac41lQUo).

•  The generation profile was derived from “Mindanao Power Situation” (http://www.doe.gov.ph/Mindanao%20Power%20Situation/Mindanao%20Power%20Situation%20-%2013%20April%202012.pdf) – contains the dependable generation capacity for peak and off-peak periods.
•  Another Mindanao generation profile used, specifically the location of the power plants, was again from Nick Nichols’ data at EditGrid (http://www.editgrid.com/user/nicknich3/DOE_List_of_Philippine_Power_Plants.html)
• The branch impedances were derived using the table, from “Probabilistic Transmission Planning” book, in this post except for the line charging which were assumed.
•  I had to massage the shunt compensation and load data (at the radial part of Caraga region) to come up with acceptable level of voltages.

Again, this is an approximate model and does not attempt to replicate what NGCP or WESM is using and the model is developed for educational and research purposes. There is no publicly available Mindanao grid model to benchmark this approximate model.

Again, a big gigantic thanks to PowerWorld for the very user-friendly and very visually attractive tool.

You can download the Mindanao approximate network model here, if you bump into a dead link, please drop me an email.

Kundur Two-Area Test System

Kundur's two-area test system, from Prabha Kundur's book "Power System Stability and Control", is a power system utilized mostly for testing dynamics of solving stability issues.  Most researchers and engineers worked on this system to analyzed HVDC and FACTS impact on the transient stability. Other works were focused on small signal stability effect of such devices and/or Power System Stabilizers (PSS).

Single-line diagram of the Kundur two-area system.

The left part of the system is Area 1 and right part is Area 2. The ties (lines between buses 7, 8 and 9) are 110 km long thus the interconnection is rather not strong.

The system has dynamic data for the four machines and their exciters and stabilizers, aside from the power flow data. I took the power flow and dynamics data from "Implementation of an Adaptive Controller for Controlled Series Compensators in PSS/E". I adjusted the tie lines' data since the paper indicates that the lines were 150 km.

I will probably post power system dynamics tests using this system in the upcoming months (impact of PSS, critical clearing times, etc.).

You can download the test system built on PowerWorld v16 using this link.

PJM 5 Bus System

Yet, another test system.

Well, power system operations, planning and markets are tested on these systems. Before electricity market designs are put into production phase, they are tested on some test systems. One of the most popular test systems for economic studies is the PJM 5 bus system.

Mostly, studies on locational marginal pricing (LMP) and security constrained unit commitment or economic dispatch have been studied on this small system.

Two notable sources which detail the system’s characteristic and usage are the following:

·         Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) Overview 

·         Small Test Systems for Power System Economic Studies 

Replicated the results of the constrained and unconstrained scenarios from the PJM website below. The unconstrained results show equal LMP across the system, while the constrained system provides higher level of demand and the transmission line limits cause the LMP to be different.

Unconstrained case.

Constrained case.

You can download the PJM 5 bus system here. Use PowerWorld to simulate the results and don’t forget to input for generation cost output model which I assumed it to be piecewise linear cost function and go to Case Information à OPF à Areas, under AGC status set to OPF. Under Run mode, do the Primal LP OPF solution to acquire the results.

Visayas Grid Approximate Model

I have developed the Visayas Grid approximate model using available public data following the procedure given in my approximate Luzon network model. For the Visayas model, I used the line parameters given in the book “Probabilistic Transmission Planning” as shown below.

The single-line diagram was posted previously at wesm.ph but not currently. Still, publicly, Nick Nichol’s website has it – link.

Again, this is approximate and does not attempt to replicate what NGCP or WESM is using. Nevertheless, this model can be utilized by electrical engineering instructors in teaching power systems, analysis and issues in the electric power industry. It can be useful for computer based laboratory exercises in power systems, transmission and distribution. It is useful for research for technical reports or thesis during senior year. If there are Filipino electrical engineering instructors open to discussing how to use this model, I am very willing to cooperate and we can do this via skype or google+.

Some notes on developing the Visayas grid model:

• The Visayas submarine cables are an important components together with the shunt reactors. Precise modeling of these components is not attempted.
• The nature of Visayas grid is that it is not a meshed power system but is a radial power system: from Leyte-Samar to Bohol and Cebu to Negros to Panay Island. This means power flow solution algorithm being used can be tricky unlike in meshed power systems like that of Luzon.
• Validating this model can be cumbersome, apply generation MW/cost bid parameters from wesm.ph and see if the locational marginal prices of this model and that of posted at wesm.ph matches up. If you would like to cooperate on this, I am open to doing it in PowerWorld. 

I’m not connected to PowerWorld, nor I’m endorsing it. It’s just that I am using it and because PowerWorld has practical power system applications like power flow, contingency analysis, shift factor calculations, optimal power flow, security constrained optimal power flow, short circuit analysis, and transient stability just to name a few. 

If you have questions or want the model, drop me an email at ebcano@gmail.com. Or download the model here.

PHL Power Plants in Google Map

'There is no known exhaustive locational map of Philippine power plants on-line. So, from this need, I took my free time to work.

From Nick Nichols post on "Philippine Power Plants – Carbon Emissions", I got the link to Carbon Monitoring for Action (CARMA). CARMA has a massive database for power plants' carbon emission which also contains locations of the plants using latitude and longitude. Their database on the generating plants in the Philippines are around 512 power plants. The list includes generation connected to the transmission grid, embedded generation and some generation used by industrial and commercial facilities. Though they have that number of plants, only about 250 plants have specific location.

I utilized an online tool to generate the KML file for Google Map which is free from Earth Point. The tool requires a spreadsheet format of the dataset which was prepared in OpenOffice Calc, a free software. The KML file generated is also compatible with Google Earth.

Here are the figures of the mapping of the power plants.

PHL Luzon Power Plants

View PHL Luzon Power Plants in a larger map

PHL Visayas-Mindanao Power Plants

View PHL Vis-Min Power Plants in a larger map

There are ways to improve this work. Classify the power plants using color code by fuel type, grid or distribution or industrial connected, or by classifying them by capacity level or by classifying the plants' cost of power.

The keyword here is FREE. Free time. Free data. Free tools. Good project!

Update: I categorized the power plants by region -- Luzon and Vis-Min. The map displays are having error on this blog because of the limitation of number of rows read by Earth Point. 03-25-2011

IEEE Test Systems in PowerWorld

I modeled IEEE test systems for electric power engineering in the software PowerWorld. The data came from this website - Power Systems Test Case Archive. The 14 bus system, 30 bus system and 24 bus system are most widely used for education and research.

The modifications applied to the power systems were basically adding thermal ratings for the branches. This will results into some overloads in the system. The IEEE 24 bus of Reliability Test System (RTS) has an increased percentage in loads to create problems in voltage and branch loading.

The main purpose of the problems arising from the modifications is to stimulate education among students to solve the problems in pre and post- contingencies.

The following figures present the thermal violations in the test power systems.

IEEE 14 Bus System Thermal Violation

IEEE-RTS 24 Bus System Thermal Violations

IEEE 30 Bus System Thermal Violations

You can download the files which were developed in version 15 of PowerWorld software from this link here.

Citations

Here is a list of citations I got from Google search on my technical work:

1. Utilizing Fuzzy Optimization for Distributed Generation Allocation, TENCON 2007 - 2007 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Oct. 30, 2007-Nov. 2, 2007, Taipei, Taiwan – on-line: http://www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?isnumber=4428770&arnumber=4428814&count=405&index=43 in ”Incorporating Distributed Generation into Distribution Network Planning: The Challenges and Opportunities for Distribution Network Operators”, David Tse-Chi Wang, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Thesis, The University of Edinburgh, 2010– on-line: http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/4621/2/Wang2010.pdf
2. Utilizing Fuzzy Optimization for Distributed Generation Allocation, TENCON 2007 - 2007 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Oct. 30, 2007-Nov. 2, 2007, Taipei, Taiwan – on-line: http://www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?isnumber=4428770&arnumber=4428814&count=405&index=43 in ”Optimum Distribution Generator Placement in Power Distribution System Using Ant Colony Algorithm” by Ghazanfar Shahgholiyan, MohamadAmin Heidari, Mehdi Mahdavi, Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering, Volum 3, Number 1, March 2009 – on-line: http://ee.majlesi.info/index/index.php/ee/article/view/184
3. Solving Non-Technical Losses Problem by Technical Methods, Elektrisidad Pilipinas, September 2008, - on -line: http://elektrisidadpilipinas.blogspot.com/2008/09/solving-non-technical-losses-problem-by.html in “Analysis of Non-Technical Losses and its Economic Consequences on Power System” , Master of Engineering Thesis by Tejinder Singh, Thapar University, Patiala, India, June 2009 – on-line: http://dspace.thapar.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/10266/911/1/Tejinder_PSED.pdf
4. Analysis of Voltage Unbalance Regulation, October 27, 2006, Annual National Convention of Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE), PICC, Manila, Philippines in “On the Assessment of Voltage Unbalance”, Seiphetlho,T.E.;Rens,A.P.J.; Sch. for Electr., Electron. & Comput. Eng., North West Univ., Potchefstroom, South Africa, 2010 14^th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power – on-line: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5625366
5. Luzon Approximate Network Model, Elektrisidad Pilipinas, July 2010, - on -line: http://elektrisidadpilipinas.blogspot.com/2010/07/luzon-approximate-network-model.htmlThe High Cost of Electricity”, The Philippine On Line Chronicles, July 2010 – on-line: http://thepoc.net/commentaries/8970-the-high-cost-of-electricity.html in “

Note that numbers 3 and 5 are post entries in this blog. Number 4 is a technical paper presented in an Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE). 

Why I posted this? Simple. Any good idea when put out for the public can be a resource for others. 

Framework for Reliability Evaluation of the Smart Grid

Massive deployment of information and communication infrastructure in operating, monitoring and control of electric power systems. This is Smart Grid. This is the vision of a controllable, observable and self-healing power system using smart grid technologies. Communication technologies like fiber hybrid and broadband over power line will enable the data and signal transfer from smart meters, automation and control sensing devices, high end system control centers interfaces in a highly visual environment, and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Sensing and measurement devices will be employed for which information data flow are aimed for facilitating wide-area control and protection (WACP) at the bulk power systems and dynamic control and automation at the distribution level, and other applications such as remedial action schemes, substation equipment monitoring and dynamic line rating.

Please see full article here - Framework for Reliability Evaluation of the Smart Grid.   

IIEE's Plagiarism

If you think MVP and the Supreme Court are on fire recently with plagiarism issues, then after reading this blog you may think otherwise.

The Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE) in the Philippines publishes a magazine quarterly, The Electrical Engineer. Copies of the issues are provided with hard copies to residences of members and soft copies at their website. Of course, I am a member of IIEE that's why I get copies on-line. I have called the attention of IIEE Technical Department on this but I can't understand why they keep on repeating this ethical mistake.

Below are tables of comparison I made, from where IIEE technical authors might have sourced their technical articles. I ranked them for fun but the issue is not.

Honorable Mention

GE Tech Note	IIEE Article
http://www.geindustrial.com/publibrary/checkout/GET-8057?TNR=White%20Papers|GET-8057|generic	http://www.iiee.org.ph/home/uploads/SYSTEM%20RELIABILITY.pdf
Control Error – Loss of control power results in the inability to control the process. This may well be the most pervasive voltage interruption problem, especially among commercial users. Contactor Dropout – Many industrial controls employ magnetically-latched contactors as motor control devices. A voltage sip or sag can cause a momentary collapse of the magnetic field which holds the contacts closed. When the contacts open, the motor stops. Voltage Flicker – In the strictest sense, flicker is the repetitive variation in intensity of lighting, and is more of a human irritation factor than a direct cause of process disruption. However, it can also be used in a more literal sense to describe a set of problems in which lighting is extinguished due to voltage dips. Machine Dynamics – Since voltage magnitude is essential to transmitting power, voltage dips and sags limit the ability of a power system to distribute power from sources to loads. This limitation in power transfer can lead to generators not being able to maintain stability.  Stall and Reacceleration – Motors will stall if the supply voltage is depressed for a prolonged period. This may be a problem if the motor is not properly protected. Furthermore, motors must reaccelerate when normal voltage is restored. Reacceleration involves higher than normal motor currents which may result in further voltage sag problems.	Control Error – Loss of control power results in the inability to control the process. Contactor Dropout – Many industrial controls employ magnetically-latched contactors as motor control devices. A voltage dip or sag can cause a momentary collapse of the magnetic field which holds the contacts closed. When the contacts open, the motor stops. Voltage Flicker – In the practical sense, flicker is the repetitive variation in intensity of lighting, and is more of a human irritation factor (threshold of perception, or threshold of human objection) than a direct cause of process disruption. However, it can also be used in a more literal sense to describe a set of problems in which lighting is extinguished due to voltage dips. Machine Dynamics – Since voltage magnitude is essential to transmitting power, voltage dips and sags limit the ability of a power system to distribute power from sources to loads. This limitation in power transfer can lead to generators not being able to maintain stability. Stall & Re-Acceleration – Motors will stall if the supply voltage is depressed for a prolonged period. Furthermore, motors must reaccelerate when normal voltage is restored. Reacceleration involves higher than normal motor currents which may result in further voltage sag problems.
Voltage sag is a partial reduction in the magnitude of voltage that often persists for extended periods and is usually related to system loading conditions Voltage dip is a significant reduction in voltage for a relatively short duration, often caused by power system faults. Voltage interruption is a complete loss of input voltage, lasting from seconds to much longer.	Voltage Sag is a partial reduction in the magnitude of voltage that often persists for extended periods and is usually related to system loading conditions. Voltage Dip is a significant reduction in voltage for a relatively short duration, often caused by power system faults, or as frequently in events of large motor starts-up. Voltage Interruption is a complete loss of input voltage, lasting from seconds to a much longer time.
The actual economic justification for prevent production interruptions due to voltage disturbances must consider the following elements: 1. How vulnerable is the process to various types of voltage disturbances? 2. What is the net cost of production outages due to these disturbances? 3. How effective is a particular solution in avoiding these outages? 4. How does the cost of the solution compare to the savings which can be realized? There are several elements of cost associated with a voltage interruption that should be recognized and quantified in the economic evaluation. Cost of Lost Production – In the simplest case, this is the incremental margin on product that is not manufactured and therefore cannot be sold. Cost of Damaged Product – If the interruption damages a partially completed product, the cost of repairing that product must be recognized. In some cases, the product cannot be repaired, so the value of the raw materials (including the consumed energy up to the point where the disruption occurred) must be accounted for together with the cost of the incremental value added to the product. In the commercial arena, a major source of concern is lost computer data. Cost of Maintenance – The cost of reacting to a voltage disruption experience. This includes everything involved in restoring production, including diagnosing and correcting the problem, cleanup and repair, disposing of damaged product, and environmental costs. In some industries (e.g., plastics and electronics), an interruption for several hours may result in the need to invest many days and thousands of dollars in cleaning up the process system before it can be returned to service. Hidden Costs – This factor may be the most difficult to quantify but it can easily be the most significant. If the impact of the voltage dip or sag is control error, it is possible that the impact on product may not be apparent until the product is in the hands of the consumer. Product recall and/or public relations costs can be significant.	The actual economic justification in preventing production interruptions due to voltage disturbances must therefore consider the following elements: 1) How vulnerable is the process to various types of voltage disturbances? 2) What is the net cost of production outages due to these disturbances? 3) How effective is a particular solution in avoiding these outages? 4) How does the cost of the solution compare to the savings which can be realized? As to the cost associated with voltage interruptions the following elements should be recognized and quantified: Cost of Lost Production – In the simplest case, this is the incremental margin on products that cannot be sold because they are not manufactured. Cost of Damaged Product – If the interruption damages a partially completed product, the cost of repairing that product must be recognized. In some cases, the product cannot be repaired, so the value of the raw materials (including the consumed energy and other manufacturing costs up to the point where the disruption occurred) must be accounted for together with the cost of the incremental value added to the product. In other environments, a major source of concern is lost computer data. Cost of Maintenance – This is the cost of reacting to a voltage disruption. This includes everything involved in restoring production, including trouble-shooting and correcting the problem, cleanup and repair, disposing of damaged product, and environmental costs. In some industries (e.g., plastics, glass manufacturing, cement manufacturing, electronics, etc), an interruption may result in the need to invest many days and a significant amount of money in cleaning up the process system before it can be returned to service. Hidden Costs – This factor may be the most difficult to quantify but it can easily be the most significant. If the impact of the voltage dip or sag is control error, it is possible that the impact on product may not be apparent until the product is in the hands of the consumer. As business nightmare, product recall and the subsequent public relations costs can be significant or may even cause bankruptcies.

 Salutatorian

Pure Power Article	IIEE Article
Harmonics No More, PURE POWER // SUMMER 2009 - http://e-ditionsbyfry.com/Olive/ODE/PLE/default.aspx?href=PLE%2F2009%2F07%2F02&pageno=10&entity=Ar01000&view=entity	HANDLING HARMONICS…. BEFORE IT MISHANDLES YOUR SYSTEM, THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE 2ND QUARTER 2010, page 25 - http://www.iiee.org.ph/home/uploads/IIEEpub.pdf
Effects of voltage-wave distortion, however, are evident throughout the distribution system. This condition results when instantaneous current demand exceeds the distribution system’s ability to deliver power to the load.	Voltage-wave distortion, which is evident throughout the distribution system, results when instantaneous current demand exceeds the distribution system's ability to deliver power to the load.
Equipment with the potential for generating voltage-wave distortion includes UPS systems, VFDs, solid-state elevator drives, arc heating units, and other devices with very large, short term current demands.	Equipment with the potential for generating voltage-wave distortion includes UPS systems, VFDs, solid-state elevator drives, arc heating units, and spot welding machines.
There are two primary ways to eliminate voltage harmonics: by incorporating harmonic filters at selected locations, or by eliminating devices that produce voltage wave distortion by purchasing devices that produce lower levels of harmonics.	The two basic ways to eliminate voltage harmonics are: by harmonic filters placed at selected locations, and by eliminating devices that produce voltage-wave distortion by using devices that produce lower levels of harmonics.
Active filters incorporate microprocessors to eliminate harmonics by rapidly compensating for sine-wave deviations from ideal wave forms by inverting the harmonic distortion and reinserting it into the feeder to cancel the harmonics. These models can correct all harmonic magnitudes up to their maximum capability and can eliminate harmonics concerns in electrical-distribution design.	Active filters incorporate microprocessors to eliminate harmonics by rapidly compensating for sine-wave deviations from ideal wave forms by inverting the harmonic distortion and reinserting it into the feeder to cancel the harmonics These models can correct all harmonic magnitudes up to their maximum capability and can eliminate harmonics concerns in electrical-distribution design
SUMMARY Without careful design considerations, harmonics can cause expensive & damaging problems. As a result, each potential harmonic producer should be investigated to determine the frequency and level of harmonics so the appropriate type of filtering may be specified. Doubled neutral conductors and k-factor transformers should be used only as a last resort in existing installations to mitigate large triplen harmonic levels; and not as a routine procedure for every facility. Judicious use of harmonic filters for either a dedicated, device-specific application or on a group basis. Incorporating a single filter to handle a number of harmonic-producing loads, can be the most cost-effective way to limit harmonics in the distribution system.	A SYSTEMS APPROACH Without careful design considerations, harmonics can cause expensive, damaging problems. As a result, each potential harmonic producer should be investigated to determine the frequency and level of harmonics so the appropriate type of filtering may be specified. Doubled neutral conductors and k-factor transformers should be used only as a last resort in existing installations to mitigate large triplen harmonic levels, not as a routine procedure for every facility. Judicious use of harmonic filters for either a dedicated, device-specific application or on a group basis, incorporating a single filter to handle a number of harmonic producing loads, can be the most cost effective way to limit harmonics in the distribution system.

 Valedictorian

See word for word imitations by clicking title
Book	IIEE Article
Integrated Solutions for Energy & Facility Management By Association of Energy Engineers, Sioros/Assoc En, Donna Sioros	Specification Guidelines for Improving Immunity to Power Quality Defects, THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER MAGAZINE October-December 2008, page 35- http://www.iiee.org.ph/home/uploads/IIEEoct_decISSUE.pdf